国医大师张镜人：用参苓白术散经验
<div class="article-top-content"></div><div class="comps-contentify-wrap comps-contentify-pc-wrap comps-contentify-arbitrary-wrap"><div class="rich_media_content"><section data-pm-slice="0 0 []" data-role="outer" label="edit by 135editor"><section style="line-height: 1em; margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span>▲张镜人 国医大师</span></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span>（1923.6－2009.6）</span></span><span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px;"></span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px; text-align: justify;"><p style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 3em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span><br></span></p></section><section data-id="107594" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="border-color: rgb(72, 41, 25); border-style: dashed; border-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: -12px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 6px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section hm_fix="303:421" style="background-color: rgb(255, 248, 237); box-sizing: border-box; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 30px 20px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="background: transparent; color: rgb(72, 41, 25); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; vertical-align: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>张镜人</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>，首届国医大师，曾任上海市第一人民医院主任医师</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>，</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>中医内科专家，恪守“茹古涵今，兼收并蓄，立足临床，重在创新”的治学思想。</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>临床上张镜人重视脾胃学说，以培后天育先天，最喜用参苓白术散缓缓建功，视为仁者之师。</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>现举张老医案数例，以</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>飨同仁</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>。</span></span></p></section></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><br></span></p><section data-id="107590" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 248, 237); box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: -20px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 35px 5px 5px 25px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="background: transparent; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; line-height: 1.75em; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-right: 20px; text-align: justify; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-id="106010" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(230, 147, 81); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span>医案一：咳嗽 </span></strong></section><section data-width="100%" style="background-color: rgb(255, 232, 195); box-sizing: border-box; height: 9px; margin-top: -7px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span><br></span></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>患者王某，男，时年52岁。慢性支气管炎病史20余年，平时常易咳嗽，伴喉痒，咯痰黏稠，面色不华，胸闷，纳呆，便溏，神疲乏力。脉濡滑，舌苔腻，边呈齿痕。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>诊断：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>（肺脾两虚，痰湿内盛型）咳嗽。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>治法：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>健脾除痰，肃肺止咳。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>处方：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>参苓白术散加制半夏10g，陈皮10g，象贝母10g，白僵蚕10g。服药2周咳嗽痰出已少，喉痒缓和，胸闷稍畅，脉舌如前，继服上方2月余，咳嗽渐平，咯痰量减，面稍红润，食欲增进，神疲乏力减轻，精神转旺，舌边齿痕消失。改服参苓白术丸，每日3次，每次3g，温开水送服，以资巩固。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>按：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>脾为生痰之源，肺为贮痰之器。脾虚聚湿生痰，痰生于脾而贮于肺，肺虚常受痰湿内扰，清肃失令，咳嗽难已。故咳嗽之症易治亦不易治，外邪袭肺引起的咳嗽易治而愈，内伤痰湿引起的咳嗽，每多反复发作。清代林琴有“因痰致咳者，痰为重，主治在脾”之说，健脾培土，可杜痰源，痰少咳自减，以参苓白术散之治，颇切合病机，虽起效甚慢，但功不可没。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><section data-id="106010" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(230, 147, 81); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span>医案二：胁痛</span></strong><span> </span></section><section data-width="100%" style="background-color: rgb(255, 232, 195); box-sizing: border-box; height: 9px; margin-top: -7px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: justify;"></span><span><br></span></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>李某，女，时年41岁。慢性肝炎史6年，右胁常感隐痛，纳钝、食后腹胀，面色萎黄，头昏泛恶，下肢酸软乏力，大便溏薄。肝功能检查：血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶90u／L。脉细弦，舌苔黄腻。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>诊断：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>（肝失疏泄，脾失健运型）胁痛。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>治则：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>调肝理气，健脾化湿。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>处方：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>参苓白术散加柴胡6g，炒枳壳6g，杭白菊10g，炙延胡索10g，白花蛇舌草30g。进服前方2周，泛恶已减，肝区疼痛及食后腹胀亦缓，肝功能复查稍有好转，上方增以田基黄15g，川楝子10g，服药1月余，头昏泛恶已平，胁痛及食后腹胀均减，胃纳转佳，下肢稍有力，便溏转成形。肝功能复查：各项指标均降至正常。脉细弦，舌苔黄腻渐</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>化。</span></span><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>嘱守方连服，以固疗效，半年后门诊复查，症情稳定，肝功能正常。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>按：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>慢性肝炎，肝功能时有反复者，症情亦多缠绵难愈。临诊除治肝之外，还须实脾。《金匮要略》明确指出：“见肝之病，知肝传脾，当先实脾。”尤其肝病而见纳呆腹胀，便溏等肝木侮脾之症，用实脾之法确能见效。方以参苓白术散为基础。肝气阻滞，选加柴胡、杭白菊、枳壳、郁金、延胡索、川楝子；肝经热郁，选加连翘、田基黄、鸡骨草、黄芩、白花蛇舌草；肝脏血虚选加当归、丹参、枸杞子、制首乌、旱莲草。斟配运用，法无馀蕴。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><section data-id="106010" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(230, 147, 81); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span>医案三：肾劳 </span></strong></section><section data-width="100%" style="background-color: rgb(255, 232, 195); box-sizing: border-box; height: 9px; margin-top: -7px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span><br></span></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>沈某，女，时年35岁。慢性肾小球肾炎病史5年，面色㿠白，两足浮肿，血压偏高，头晕腰酸，食欲不振，疲乏倦怠，小便量少。尿常规检查：白细胞少许，红细胞（＋）～（＋＋），尿蛋白（＋＋）。脉细，舌苔薄黄腻。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>诊断：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>（脾肾两虚，湿热逗留型）肾劳（西医称为慢性肾小球肾炎）。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>治则：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>健脾益肾，化湿清热。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>处方：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>参苓白术散加连翘10g，银花藤30g，仙鹤草30g，贯仲炭10g，莲须3g，芡实10g，米仁根30g，石苇15g，大蓟根30g。服药2周，水肿消退，小溲量增多，腰酸已减，纳食增进，精神亦振。尿检：尿蛋白（＋），红细胞、白细胞均消失。脉濡细，舌苔腻渐化。继前方去仙鹤草服用。3月后，门诊随访，诸症均安，尿常规检查正常，改以丸剂，以资巩固。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>按：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>慢性肾炎的症状表现，都有不同程度的容颜㿠白，水肿，腰酸，溲溺减少。脾肾两虚，势必影响精微的摄取和精气的固密，导致蛋白尿。“肾为胃关，关门不利，故聚水而从其类”。临床治疗宜参苓白术散适当配合益肾、清湿热之品。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><section data-id="106010" data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" style="margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="margin: 10px auto; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; text-align: left; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="display: inline-block; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(230, 147, 81); font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 1.5px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 3px; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong><span>医案四：胃脘胀满 </span></strong></section><section data-width="100%" style="background-color: rgb(255, 232, 195); box-sizing: border-box; height: 9px; margin-top: -7px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden; width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: justify;"></span><span><br></span></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>高某，男，时年60岁。慢性萎缩性胃炎病史10年，主诉胃脘胀满，食少便秘，形体消瘦，胃镜及病理活检示：慢性中、重度萎缩性胃炎。脉细弦，舌苔薄腻，质偏红。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>诊断：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>（脾胃虚弱，气阴营血俱亏型）胃脘胀满。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>治则：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>益气健脾，调营和阴。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>处方：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>参苓白术散加川石斛10g，丹参10g，陈木瓜10g，炙乌梅10g，六神曲10g，香谷芽12g。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>进服上方2周后，食欲转旺。至3个月，脘胀显著减轻，面色转润，胃纳增进，形体亦见丰腴，脉弦象略和，舌质偏红转淡。6个月后门诊随访，诸症均瘥。胃镜及病理复查示：慢性浅表萎缩性胃炎。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><span><br></span></p><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px; white-space: normal;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>按：</span></span></strong><span style="color: rgb(89, 89, 89); font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 1px;"><span>慢性胃炎的病位，虽在于胃，其病机涉及肝脾两脏，与少阳胆腑有关，且脾胃共居中焦，脾气宜升、胃气宜降，脾喜刚燥、胃喜柔润，两者的生理相反相成，最为密切。临床可见，慢性胃炎病起之初，常由肝胆郁热犯胃而致，然亦易侵及脾家。胃炎在浅表阶段时，多偏重肝胃失调，气滞热郁；日久易导致络损血瘀，加之病情迁延，伤戕中气，气血俱累，煦濡无能，遂易引起胃黏膜腺体萎缩。故慢性萎缩性胃炎，多偏重脾胃不和，而呈气虚血瘀的证候。其临床证候特点是胃脘胀满，少有疼痛，食欲减退等症。参苓白术散当属首选，再加活血和营，养血调营之品，往往能获良效。</span><span>■</span></span></p><p hm_fix="253:365" style="max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; vertical-align: initial; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span><br></span></p></section></section></section></section><p style="line-height: 1.75em; margin-bottom: 0px;"><span><br></span></p><section style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: 0.544px; margin-bottom: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span>【来源：中国中医药报，内容选自《中国</span></span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136); font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span>中医药报》2023年1月6日第五版，张亚声、陈怀红、周萍 上海市第一人民医院】</span></span></section></section></div></div> 诸病皆以建脾胃为大法，李东垣的衣钵。张老在中医界很有名。
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